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Roland TR-808
The Roland TR-808 Rhythm Composer (a.k.a. the "808") was one of the first programmable drum machines ("TR" standing for ''Transistor Rhythm''). Introduced by the Roland Corporation in the early 1980s, it was originally manufactured for use as a tool for studio musicians to create demos. Like earlier Roland drum machines, it does not sound very much like a real drum kit. However, the TR-808 cost US$1,195 upon its release, which was considerably more affordable than digital sampling machines such as the US$5,000 Linn LM-1.
Indeed, when the TR-808 was still being manufactured, its sound was compared to "marching anteaters".〔Tim Darter. ''The Whole Synthesizer Catalogue''. Hal Leonard Corp. ISBN 978-0881883961 "The (Drum ) unit is a big improvement over electronic-sounding drum machines that only do 4/4 time and sound like marching anteaters (unless of course you prefer marching anteaters and being locked in 4/4 time)."〕〔Attack Magazine ''Top Ten Classic Drum Machines'' describes the TR-808 has having "16 unrealistic analogue sounds that Keyboard magazine notably likened to ‘marching anteaters’." http://www.attackmagazine.com/features/top-ten-classic-drum-machines/10/〕〔Mr. Beatnick ''Unboxing the 808: should we be excited about its return?'' Fact Magazine 19 January 2014 "A review in Keyboard Magazine at the time famously pronounced that the hi-hats sounded like “marching anteaters.”"〕
Drum machines in general became an integral part of hip hop music as a cheap and simple way of producing a drum sound. The Roland TR-808 held specific appeal because of the ability of its bass drum sound to produce extremely low-frequency sounds.〔; as cited in 〕 It also featured various unique artificial percussion sounds that characterized the TR-808: a deep bass kick drum, "tinny handclap sounds",〔 "the ticky snare, the tishy hi-hats (open and closed) and the spacey cowbell".〔 The Roland TR-808 would eventually be used on more hit records than any other drum machine, and has thus attained an iconic status within the music industry.〔 The machine's successor was the Roland TR-909.
==Origins==
Roland credits the design of the TR-808 to two of its employees: Mr. Nakamura, who was responsible for the analog voice circuits, and Mr. Matsuoka, who developed the software.〔 The Roland TR-808 was produced between 1980 and 1983 by the Roland Corporation, with approximately 12,000 units manufactured in that time. Immediately after its appearance it competed with the superior sound and sampling ability of the Linn LM-1. However, the much cheaper price of the TR-808 ($1,195 versus $5,000 for the Linn LM-1) and a distinctive sound (in particular its deep bass kick) made the drum machine popular among hip hop artists several years after it ceased production.〔 By the end of the 1980s, the TR-808 was popular within electronic music and hip hop genres. As with many analogue electronic musical instruments, a great deal of effort was put into sampling the sounds of the TR-808 for use in modern devices; however, some producers consider this unsatisfactory and unduly static and digital.〔http://koti.welho.com/kebu/roland_TR-808.html〕 Demand for the real 808 sound is so great that street prices for a used machine have remained close to what the cost of a new TR-808 was upon its initial release in 1980 when adjusted for inflation. The 808 also had a significant impact on dance music due to its ability to program rhythm and drum sounds separately and store up to 32 patterns, which enabled it to become a serious compositional tool. The kick drum of the 808 is little more than a bridged T-network sine oscillator, a low-pass filter and a VCA (Voltage Controlled Amplifier). The output works continuously and that makes it possible to produce an overdub of the same signal even after 32 steps in a medium tempo. The kick is a triggered CV/Gate pulse that is added into the audio signal. The typical flattening of the decay directly after the attack is because of the audio design of the oscillator and appears like a compression.〔() SYNTH SECRETS Practical Bass Drum Synthesis, retrieved 2012-02-15〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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